99% PURITY
Anti-Aging
SS-31
MW: 640.75 g/molCAS: 736992-21-5
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Precision research tools for cellular senescence, mitochondrial biology, and redox pathway investigation.
Anti-Aging
Anti-Aging
Anti-Aging
Anti-Aging
Anti-Aging
Longevity science has undergone a paradigm shift over the past decade, moving from descriptive geroscience toward mechanistic interrogation of the molecular hallmarks of ageing. Compounds that modulate NAD+ metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential, copper-dependent remodelling enzymes, and glutathione redox balance are now central to research programmes studying cellular senescence, oxidative stress, proteostasis, and bioenergetic decline. Unlike broad antioxidant approaches, the compounds in this category act through specific, well-characterised molecular targets — making them valuable for controlled laboratory investigation of ageing-associated pathways.
NAD+ is a critical cofactor for sirtuins and PARP enzymes that regulate DNA repair, transcriptional silencing, and mitochondrial quality control; its depletion is a conserved feature of aged tissues across species. GHK-Cu (glycine-histidine-lysine-copper) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex that has been shown in research models to modulate matrix metalloproteinase expression, collagen biosynthesis, and antioxidant gene networks. SS-31 (Elamipretide) selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it stabilises cardiolipin and supports electron transport chain efficiency. Glutathione and its precursors provide a framework for studying cellular redox state and thiol-mediated signalling. Together, these tools offer researchers a multi-target lens through which to interrogate the biology of cellular ageing.
NAD+ is the obligate substrate for both sirtuin deacylases (SIRT1–7) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). In aged cell models, declining NAD+ availability has been observed to compromise SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of transcription factors such as PGC-1α and FOXO3, reducing mitochondrial biogenesis and stress resistance signalling. Researchers use NAD+ supplementation — or precursors such as NMN and NR — to restore substrate availability and assess the downstream rescue of sirtuin-dependent gene programmes in a controlled setting.
Unlike lipophilic cations such as MitoQ that accumulate in mitochondria driven by membrane potential, SS-31 concentrates specifically at the inner mitochondrial membrane through electrostatic interactions with cardiolipin — independent of membrane potential. This allows researchers to study mitochondrial function in cells with depolarised mitochondria where potential-driven compounds would fail to accumulate. SS-31's cardiolipin-stabilising mechanism also makes it a useful tool for investigating cristae morphology and supercomplex assembly in ageing and stress models.
GHK-Cu has been studied primarily for its effects on gene expression networks. Research using microarray and RNA-sequencing approaches has identified GHK-Cu as capable of modulating the expression of several hundred genes in human cell lines, with enrichment in pathways related to collagen biosynthesis, MMP regulation, antioxidant defence (including SOD and catalase upregulation), and inflammation resolution. The copper moiety appears critical to bioactivity, as the copper-free tripeptide GHK shows markedly reduced effects in these models. Researchers use GHK-Cu to probe how endogenous peptide-metal complexes interface with transcriptional regulatory networks.
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol and the principal non-enzymatic antioxidant in mammalian cells. Researchers use exogenous GSH — alongside measurements of the GSH/GSSG ratio — as both an intervention tool and a biomarker of cellular redox state. In experimental models of oxidative stress, GSH depletion (via buthionine sulfoximine) or supplementation allows researchers to modulate the intracellular redox environment and assess consequences for NF-κB signalling, Nrf2 activation, mitochondrial membrane integrity, and apoptosis thresholds. Reduced glutathione supplied at research grade purity provides a reliable reference standard for such studies.
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